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1. University of Miami Shark Research & Conservation Program. “Five Ways to Fight Illegal Fishing.” Shark Research & Conservation Program, University of Miami, 6 June 2018, sharkresearch.earth.miami.edu/five-ways-to-fight-illegal-fishing/.

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2. U.S. Customs and Border Protection. “Combating Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing.” CBP.gov, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, www.cbp.gov/trade/programs-administration/natural-resources-protection/IUU-fishing.

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3. United Nations. “Combating IUU Fishing through Partnerships and Innovation.” Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform, Feb. 2025, sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/2025-02/Final%20version%20-%20Partnership%20Snapshot-compressed.pdf.

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4. United Nations. “Goal 14 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs.” Sustainable Development Goals Knowledge Platform, sdgs.un.org/goals/goal14.

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5. United States International Trade Commission. “USITC Releases Report on Seafood Imports and Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing.” USITC.gov, 18 Mar. 2021, www.usitc.gov/press_room/news_release/2021/er0318ll1740.htm.

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6. Congressional Research Service. Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing: Frequently Asked Questions.U.S. Congress, 12 Sept. 2023, www.congress.gov/crs-product/TE10089.

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7. “Destructive Fishing.” Marine Stewardship Council, https://www.msc.org/en-us/what-we-are-doing/oceans-at-risk/illegal-unreported-unregulated-destructive-fishing. Accessed 29 May 2025.

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8. “EU Failing to Enforce Fishing Rules, Say Campaigners.” The Guardian, 6 Sept. 2024, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/article/2024/sep/06/eu-failing-to-enforce-fishing-rules-say-campaigners. Accessed 29 May 2025.

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9. “Global Fishing Watch.” Global Fishing Watch, https://globalfishingwatch.org/. Accessed 29 May 2025.

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10. “Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing.” U.S. Department of State, https://www.state.gov/illegal-unreported-and-unregulated-fishing/. Accessed 29 May 2025.

11. “IUU Fishing Risk Index.” IUU Fishing Index, https://iuufishingindex.net/. Accessed 29 May 2025.

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12. “Report to Congress on IUU Fishing, Bycatch, and Shark Catch.” NOAA Fisheries, https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/international/international-affairs/report-iuu-fishing-bycatch-and-shark-catch. Accessed 29 May 2025.

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13. “Seafood Watch: Stop Illegal Fishing.” Monterey Bay Aquarium Seafood Watch, https://www.seafoodwatch.org/seafood-basics/sustainable-solutions/stop-illegal-fishing. Accessed 29 May 2025.

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15. Shiffman, Daniel. “Understanding IUU Fishing.” NOAA Fisheries, https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/insight/understanding-illegal-unreported-and-unregulated-fishing. Accessed 29 May 2025.

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16. “The Crimes Behind the Seafood You Eat.” The New Yorker, 16 Oct. 2023, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/10/16/the-crimes-behind-the-seafood-you-eat. Accessed 29 May 2025.

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17. “What Is IUU Fishing?” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, https://www.fao.org/iuu-fishing/background/what-is-iuu-fishing/en/. Accessed 29 May 2025.

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